This paper has presented a fundamental examination of the prerequisites for the introduction of digital journals, at one level in terms of the role of journals in the social and economic processes of human knowledge production, and at another in terms of the state of the art in the relevant technologies. Models of the processes underlying the growth of knowledge in the literature on the philosophy, history and psychology of science have been used to analyze the structure and role of the social infrastructure of journals, including the editorial and refereeing systems and the role of commercial publishers and libraries. The motivation for digital journals and past experience have been surveyed, together with the learning curves and current costs and performances of the enabling hardware, software, communications and interface, technologies. Examples of the current impact of computer and communications technology on scholarly discourse have been given to enable probable changes to be predicted in the structure of journals when they are transferred to digital form. Finally, the social and technological analyses have been used to outline some architectures for a first generation of digital journals emulating the current medium, and for the evolution of later generations diverging in characteristics to take advantage of the new medium.
If there is one lesson to be learnt from the successful growth of UUCP and USENET facilities it is that a grass-roots, incremental development of services that are of widespread importance to the scholarly community can be a very effective of harnessing information technology. These services were based on software developed by a few skilled programmers, placed in the public domain, and `marketed' as a communication mechanism enabling mutual support of unix systems. The integration of these facilities with those of other, more formally developed, networks to form the current Internet shows that the use of informally developed and supported services is not an ideological issue but rather a pragmatic approach to the evolution of services in response to user needs. The many successful commercial network services operating in parallel with Internet and serving strongly overlapping communities also demonstrates that the provision of very low cost services, apparently free to many users, does not prevent the development of commercial services having some attractive added value.
This is an excellent model for the development of digital publications: that a few technological groups be encouraged to develop suitable software to be placed in the public domain as the basis for a new generation of knowledge sharing services supported the scholarly community; that the use of these services be `marketed' through their utility in improving scholarship, and, in particular, in improving the existing uses of the net by scholarly communities; and that commercial services freely compete with Internet services by providing added value such as improved search procedures or better knowledge processing tools. There is scope for commercial ventures in the development of extensions to existing word processors that interface well to networked digital publication procedures. There is scope for publishers to use their existing networks of contacts with the scholarly community, and their expertise in the management of the publication process, to develop new products. In particular, the existing base of published knowledge is invaluable and its reissue in a variety of digital forms will be significant to scholarship and a source of revenue.
How the publication of knowledge will become restructured in the long term is extremely difficult to forecast, but the time horizons involved are long in terms of most organizations' planning cycles and give enough time for major changes to be assimilated without disruption. However, this will only be the case if the inevitability of change is recognized now and the planning process is taken seriously. Publishers who do not respond to the possibilities of the new medium will begin to see the flow of material through their publications decline as other, more attractive outlets become available. Scholars who do not begin to take advantage of the new medium will start to lose contact with the intellectual discourse in their discipline. Institutions that do not support, and encourage the use of, the new services will begin to see their status diminish as other institutions use the new capabilities to systematically enhance their scholarly productivity. These are perhaps foolish remarks because, as this paper has documented, they have been made with as much fervor and conviction many times before over the past fifty years--and nothing has happened. It is proper that someone be foolish enough to cry wolf every decade so that at least we reexamine the issues periodically. The problems of the growth of knowledge will be with us forever, and will only worsen with time if we do not address them. I have argued that the technology is now available to make major advances in our capability to deal with them. It needs to be harnessed to the needs of scholarship based on a responsiveness to those needs and changes in them as the new medium of digital publication comes into widespread use.
Financial assistance for this work has been made available by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
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Abstract, 1 Introduction, 2 Motivation for Digital Journals, 3 Social Processes In Scholarship, 4 Technological Aspects of Digital Journals, 5 Existing Innovations in Using Networks for Scholarly Discourse, 6 An Agenda For Digital Journals, 7 Conclusions, References,