21.5.1 Biometrics, Surveys, Analysis, Legal Issues, Philosophy (from Keith Price Bibliography http://iris.usc.edu/Vision-Notes/bibliography/people932.html) Biometrics. Golfarelli, M., Maio, D., Maltoni, D., On the Error-Reject Trade-Off in Biometric Verification Systems, PAMI(19), No. 7, July 1997, pp. 786-796. IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. WWW Version. 9708 BibRef Lawton, G.[George], Biometrics: A New Era in Security, Computer(31), No. 8, August 1998, pp. 16-18. An Industry Trends column that provides a brief survey of the field. Not a technical paper. BibRef 9808 Jain, A.K.[Anil K.], Bolle, R.M.[Ruud M.], Pankanti, S.[Sharath], Biometrics: The Personal Identification in Networked Society, KluwerAcademic, Norwell, MA, January 1999. ISBN 0-7923-8345-1. WWW Version. Indexed as: BibRef 9901 BIDNS99 BibRef Pankanti, S.[Sharath], Bolle, R.M.[Ruud M.], Jain, A.K.[Anil K.], Biometrics: The Future of Identification, Computer(21), No. 2, February 2000, pp. 46-49. 0002Introduction to the special section. Briefly describes the various techniques. BibRef Phillips, P.J.[P. Jonathon], Martin, A.[Alvin], Wilson, C.L., Przybocki, M.[Mark], An Introduction to Evaluating Biometric Systems, Computer(21), No. 2, February 2000, pp. 56-63. 0002And some sidebars on companies. BibRef O'Toole, A.J.[Alice J.], Phillips, P.J.[P. Jonathon], Cheng, Y.[Yi], Ross, B.[Brendan], Wild, H.A.[Heather A.], Face Recognition Algorithms as Models of Human Face Processing, AFGR00(552-557). WWW Version. 0003 BibRef Wayman, J.L.[James L.], Federal Biometric Technology Legislation, Computer(21), No. 2, February 2000, pp. 76-80. 0002 BibRef Zhang, D.D.[David D.], Automated Biometrics Technologies and Systems, KluwerMay 2000, ISBN 0-7923-7856-3 WWW Version. BibRef 0005 Bolle, R.M.[Ruud M.], Connell, J.H.[Jonathan H.], Ratha, N.K.[Nalini K.], Biometric perils and patches, PR(35), No. 12, December 2002, pp. 2727-2738. WWW Version. 0209 BibRef Bolle, R.M.[Ruud M.], Ratha, N.K.[Nalini K.], Pankanti, S.[Sharath], Error analysis of pattern recognition systems: The subsets bootstrap, CVIU(93), No. 1, January 2004, pp. 1-33. WWW Version. 0401 BibRef Earlier: An evaluation of error confidence interval estimation methods, ICPR04(III: 103-106). WWW Version. 0409 BibRef Earlier: Confidence interval measurement in performance analysis of biometrics systems using the bootstrap, EEMCV01(xx-yy). 0110 BibRef Prabhakar, S.[Salil], Pankanti, S.[Sharath], and Jain, A.K.[Anil K.], Biometric Recognition: Security and Privacy Concerns, SecPriv(1), No. 2, March-April 2003, pp. 33-42. BibRef 0303 Zhang, D.D.[David D.], Wayman, J.[Jim], Jain, A.[Anil], Introduction to Biometrics Special Issue, PR(36), No. 2, February 2003, pp. 277. WWW Version. 0211 BibRef Ratha, N.K.[Nalini K.], Connell, J.H.[Jonathan H.], Bolle, R.M.[Ruud M.], Biometrics break-ins and band-aids, PRL(24), No. 13, September 2003, pp. 2105-2113. WWW Version. 0307 BibRef Woodward, J.D.[John D.], Orlans, N.M.[Nicholas M.], Higgins, P.T.[Peter T.], Biometrics, McGraw-Hill2003. ISBN 0-07-222227-1 A general review of the techniques and issues of biometrics. BibRef 0300 Ortega-Garcia, J., Fierrez-Aguilar, J., Simon, D., Gonzalez, J., Faundez-Zanuy, M., Espinosa, V., Satue, A., Hernaez, I., Igarza, J.J., Vivaracho, C., Escudero, D., Moro, Q.I., MCYT baseline corpus: a bimodal biometric database, VISP(150), No. 6, December 2003, pp. 395-401. IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0402 BibRef Bolle, R.M.[Ruud M.], Connell, J.H.[Jonathan H.], Pankanti, S.[Sharathchandra], Ratha, N.K.[Nalini K.], and Senior, A.W.[Andrew W.], The Guide to Biometrics, Springer2004. ISBN: 0-387-40089-3 HTML Version. BibRef 0400 Tang, X., Ma, S., O'Gorman, L., Tistarelli, M., Guest Editorial: Introduction to the Special Issue on Image- and Video-Based Biometrics, CirSysVideo(14), No. 1, January 2004, pp. 1-3. IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0402 BibRef And: Guest Editorial: Introduction to the Special Issue on Image- and Video-Based Biometrics: Part II, CirSysVideo(14), No. 2, February 2004, pp. 146-148. IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0403 BibRef Jain, A.K., Ross, A., Prabhakar, S., An Introduction to Biometric Recognition, CirSysVideo(14), No. 1, January 2004, pp. 4-20. IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0402 BibRef Snelick, R.[Robert], Uludag, U.[Umut], Mink, A.[Alan], Indovina, M.[Michael], Jain, A.K.[Anil K.], Large-Scale Evaluation of Multimodal Biometric Authentication Using State-of-the-Art Systems, PAMI(27), No. 3, March 2005, pp. 450-455. IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0501Performance of COTS using fingerprints and faces for 1000 individuals. Multimodal achieves higher accuracy than either alone. BibRef Chang, K.I.[Kyong I.], Bowyer, K.W.[Kevin W.], Flynn, P.J.[Patrick J.], An Evaluation of Multimodal 2D+3D Face Biometrics, PAMI(27), No. 4, April 2005, pp. 619-624. IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0501 BibRef Earlier: Multi-modal 2D and 3D biometrics for face recognition, AMFG03(187-194). IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311Conclusions: 2D and 3D are similar, combining them is better, multiple 2D images is better, and adding 3D to this is best. BibRef   Chang, K.I., Bowyer, K.W., Flynn, P.J., Chen, X.[Xin], Multi-biometrics using facial appearance, shape and temperature, AFGR04(43-48). IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0411 BibRef Zhang, D., Campbell, J.P., Maltoni, D., Bolle, R.M., Guest Editorial Special Issue on Biometric Systems, SMC-C(35), No. 3, August 2005, pp. 273-275. WWW Version. 0508 BibRef Poh, N.[Norman], Bengio, S.[Samy], Database, protocols and tools for evaluating score-level fusion algorithms in biometric authentication, PR(39), No. 2, February 2006, pp. 223-233. WWW Version. 0512 BibRef Earlier: A Score-Level Fusion Benchmark Database for Biometric Authentication, AVBPA05(1059). WWW Version. 0509 BibRef Woodard, D.L.[Damon L.], Faltemier, T.C.[Timothy C.], Yan, P.[Ping], Flynn, P.J.[Patrick J.], Bowyer, K.W.[Kevin W.], A Comparison of 3D Biometric Modalities, Biometrics06(57). WWW Version. 0609 BibRef Bhatnagar, J.[Jay], Kumar, A.[Ajay], Estimating Sample Size Requirements for Reliable Personal Authentication Using User-Specific Samples, Biometrics06(36). WWW Version. 0609 BibRef Aggarwal, G.[Gaurav], Ratha, N.K.[Nalini K.], Bolle, R.M.[Ruud M.], Biometric Verification: Looking Beyond Raw Similarity Scores, Biometrics06(31). WWW Version. 0609 BibRef Wittman, M., Davis, P., Flynn, P.J., Empirical Studies of the Existence of the Biometric Menagerie in the FRGC 2.0 Color Image Corpus, Biometrics06(33). WWW Version. 0609 BibRef Buhan, I.[Ileana], Bazen, A.[Asker], Hartel, P.[Pieter], Veldhuis, R.[Raymond], A False Rejection Oriented Threat Model for the Design of Biometric Authentication Systems, ICB06(728-736). WWW Version. 0601 BibRef Bazakos, M.E., Ma, Y.[Yunqian], Johnson, A.H., Fast access control technology solutions (FACTS), AVSBS05(312-317). WWW Version. 0602 BibRef Beattie, M.[Michael], Vijaya Kumar, B.V.K., Lucey, S.[Simon], Tonguz, O.K.[Ozan K.], Automatic Configuration for a Biometrics-Based Physical Access Control System, IWBRS05(241). WWW Version. 0601 BibRef Gibbons, M.[Michael], Yoon, S.[Sungsoo], Cha, S.H.[Sung-Hyuk], Tappert, C.[Charles], Evaluation of Biometric Identification in Open Systems, AVBPA05(823). WWW Version. 0509 BibRef Mansukhani, P.[Praveer], Govindaraju, V.[Venu], Exploring Similarity Measures for Biometric Databases, AVBPA05(832). WWW Version. 0509 BibRef Adler, A.[Andy], Vulnerabilities in Biometric Encryption Systems, AVBPA05(1100). WWW Version. 0509 BibRef Phillips, P.J.[P. Jonathon], Flynn, P.J.[Patrick J.], Scruggs, T.[Todd], Bowyer, K.W.[Kevin W.], Worek, W.[William], Preliminary Face Recognition Grand Challenge Results, FGR06(15-24). WWW Version. 0604 BibRef Phillips, P.J.[P. Jonathon], Flynn, P.J.[Patrick J.], Scruggs, T.[Todd], Bowyer, K.W.[Kevin W.], Chang, J.[Jin], Hoffman, K.[Kevin], Marques, J.[Joe], Min, J.[Jaesik], Worek, W.[William], Overview of the Face Recognition Grand Challenge, CVPR05(I: 947-954). WWW Version. 0507 BibRef Jain, A.K., Pankanti, S., Prabhakar, S., Hong, L.[Lin], Ross, A., Biometrics: A grand challenge, ICPR04(II: 935-942). WWW Version. 0409 BibRef Tuyls, P.[Pim], Goseling, J.[Jasper], Capacity and Examples of Template-Protecting Biometric Authentication Systems, BioAW04(158-170). WWW Version. 0505 BibRef Baltatu, M.[Madalina], D'Alessandro, R.[Rosalia], D'Amico, R.[Roberta], Toward Ubiquitous Acceptance of Biometric Authentication: Template Protection Techniques, BioAW04(171-183). WWW Version. 0505 BibRef Fairhurst, M.C., Document Identity, Authentication and Ownership: The Future of Biometric Verification, ICDAR03(1108-1116). IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0311 BibRef Phillips, P.J., Human identification technical challenges, ICIP02(I: 49-52). IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0210 BibRef Phillips, P.J., Progress in human ID, AVSBS03(1-1). IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0310 BibRef Jain, A.K.[Anil K.], Who's Who? Challenges in Biometric Authentication, DAGM03(33-35). HTML Version. 0310 BibRef Linnartz, J.P.[Jean-Paul], Tuyls, P.[Pim], New Shielding Functions to Enhance Privacy and Prevent Misuse of Biometric Templates, AVBPA03(393-402). HTML Version. 0310 BibRef Wayman, J.L., Digital signal processing in biometric identification: a review, ICIP02(I: 37-40). IEEE Abstract. IEEE Top Reference. 0210 BibRef Wheeler, G.V.[Gavin V.], Courtney, P.[Patrick], Cootes, T.F.[Tim F.], Taylor, C.J.[Chris J.], Performance assessment of a face verification based access control system, AFGR00(221-226). WWW Version. 0003 BibRef Messer, K., Matas, J., Kittler, J.V., Luettin, J., Maitre, G., XM2VTSDB: The Extended M2VTS Database, AVBPA99(xx-yy). Dataset. BibRef 9900 Thimm, G., Ben-Yacoub, S., Luettin, J., Evaluating the Complexity of Databases for Person Identification and Verification, CAIP99(49-56). WWW Version. 9909 BibRef