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@ g4fdfdpkP>>pkppp@ g4MdMdpkP>>pkp@ ppX;2.4 The Telephone System & SS7 )The Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) the plain old telephone system (POTS) telephones, offices, switches local loop, trunks SONET / SDH Switched Networks circuit & packet switching switch architecture Signaling System 7 protocol layers connection & error control traffic & route managementl-c/F-c/F *,The Public Switched Telephone Network - PSTN - Phone System Structure telephones (AT&T - 200,000,000) end office - central office (19,000) trunk to toll office (1,300) primary offices (230) sectional offices (67) regional offices (10) local loop connects telephone & CO trunks connect offices switches located at officesVU )AT&T, the RBOCS and Competition in the US *1984 breakup of AT&T => 23 BOCs & AT&T bell operating companies, smaller monopolies 23 BOCs grouped into seven regional RBOCs ~BCTel, Telus, SaskTel, MBTel, Bell Canada, ... Local Access & Transport Area (LATA) ~one area code, one local exchange carrier (LEC) Inter-exchange carrier (IXC) between LATAs AT&T, MCI, Sprint Point of Presence (POP) in one LATA, ... 1996 USA telecom bill - anyone provide anything'P-P*P0P%P1P+PPPP0P'-*0%1+0  The Local Loop analog (voice~local loops) modem - codec (coder/decoder) at end office analog versus digital (trunks) signal regeneration with no information loss voice, data, music, images, video higher data rates on existing lines digital cheaper to achieve accurate reproduction digital cheaper to debug and maintain modems (data) attenuation, distortion, noise amplitude, frequency and phase modulation half duplex, full duplex, RS-232, DTE, DCEl,t,t  Quadrature Amplitude Modulation  9600 b/s, 2400 baud, 4 bits/baud ! Trunks & Multiplexing Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) 4Khz bands, 3Khz useable bandwidth 12 channels in 60-108Khz band = group 60 channels = 5 groups = supergroup, etc Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) same as FDM but different hardware Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) codec makes 8000 samples per second (125sec) 7 or 8 bit sample, 56Kb/s or 64Kb/s, PCM (sample amplitude,~PAM, & then quantize) T1 = 24 voice channels + 1 bit = 1.544 Mb/s T3 = 24 T1 streams = 44.736 Mb/sl&r'#!&r'#!  )Synchronous Optical Network - SONET / SDH *qBellcore on behalf of the RBOCS => SONET CCITT => SDH (synchronous digital heirarchy) SDH ~ SONET Synchronous TDM system => 1 high BW channel clock accuracy of 1 part in 10 to the 9th SONET Goals: interoperability (US, Europe, Japan, Canada?) 64 Kb/s PCM channels higher levels of multiplexing (T3 => gigabits/s) Provide operations, administration & maintenance => OAMlV ,* V ,*  r SONET Optical Channel Rates OC-1 51.84 Mb/ s OC-3 => 155.52 Mb/ s => ATM OC-9 466.56 Mb/ s OC-12 => 622.08 Mb/ s => ATM OC-18 933.12 Mb/ s OC-24 => 1244.16 Mb/ s => ATM OC-36 1866.24 Mb/ s OC-48 => 2488.32 Mb/ s => ATM  ,OC-1 SONET Frames = 810 bytes at 51.84 Mb/ s -  %OC-N SONET Frames = N * 51.84 Mb/ s &  Circuit Switched Networks two devices indirectly connected long distances makes it too expensive for fully interconnected nodes three phases: circuit establishment data transfer circuit disconnect single node networks the local central officeHt7t7  Packet Switched Networks Ypacket, or frame, delivery from A to B initially for data where line busy then idle circuit switching requires constant transfer rate, ie, for sender and receiver, packet variable large files divided into packets => fair access priorities possible delivery delay vs call blocking datagrams, each with full address, successive packets independant Z Packet Switched Datagrams  Virtual Circuits  Virtual Circuits or Datagrams external virtual circuit, internal virtual circuit user requests a VC setup, net sends packets along a specific path (TYMNET, SNA) external virtual circuit, internal datagrams network handles each packet independently, may follow different paths but network delivers packets in order (Internet) external datagrams, internal virtual circuit not used external datagrams, internal datagrams each packet handled independently (Internet)3P-w- '-3P-w- '- !Circuit vs Packet Switched Timing " Switching and Routing  Space Division Switching crossbar switch N x N Multiple Stage Switch Qthree stage switch = N x N blocking; > 1 path; delay; fewer crosspoints8  - - RInput & Output Buffered Switch  TDM Switching -switch assigns time slot in higher speed line . Digital PBX private branch exchange (PBX) (local X6778 & 9-) local telephones connected to one switch private automatic branch exchange (PABX) digital evolved due to : lower cost TDM efficiency control signals are already digital encryptionH3)BI3)BI Dynamic Routing Networks  Telephone call processing interconnection pick up phone => dial tone returned by CO dial number => check valid, not busy connection reserved, ringer on pick up by receiver, ringer off, connection control attending busy testing alerting data transfer supervisory>P0PBPB Common Channel Signaling _control signaling - connection, billing, AIN off hook, dial tone, address, data base access, connection, ringing, answer, disconnect, 800 number translation, forwarding, call waiting, subscriber to network, net to net in channel signaling - in voice band , simple out of band signaling - FDM, continuous, slow common channel signaling - separate lines6-- `Example call setup in SS7   *The Common Channel Signaling (CCS) Network + !'Common Channel Signaling (SS7) Protocol ( ")Services Supported by CCS - Traffic Loads *POTS - call setup and release 800 Service Alternate billing services CLASS: Automatic callback, Selective call forward, Distinctive ringing, Automatic recall, Call block, Call tracing, Caller ID Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN) services x #Example Signaling Network  $SS7 Level 1 and 2 Functions Basic Error correction Preventive cyclic retransmission Link failures Congestion thresholds Initial alignment Zero bit insertion and deletion Error detection (except CRC errors) Error rate monitors, Processor outage L2 flow control, Protocol timers % Level 3 Functions Message Routing Routing table maintenance Normal routing, load sharing by SLS code Special routing (CBD,SLTM) Message Distribution Distribution to UP or send UPU Message Discrimination Discrimination at STP (keep or forward)l_ (_ ( &!$Level 3 Traffic Management Functions %kChangeover Control Link failure detection / COO reception Routing tables, Message queueing, diversion Emergency changeover Excluded: unavailable TB or SN, recovery during CO, sequence error in CO message Changeback Control Link recovery detection Routing tables, Sequence Control/ Time Diversion, CBD reception Excluded: failure during recovery, error in CBAZ[1[1 l'"-Level 3 Traffic Management Functions (Cont'd) .Forced Rerouting Control TFP/TCP -> route table updates TSFC, RTPC,RSRT, RCAT processing Controlled Rerouting Control TFA,TCA,TFR,TCR -> route table updates Traffic restart/reroute TSFC, RTPC, RTAC, RSRT processing HCcCc (#-Level 3 Traffic Management Functions (Cont'd) .Traffic Flow Control UPU -> L4 Route Set Congestion Control Destination node status changes -> L4 MTP Restart Control Node recovery: restore links, inform MTP users, broadcast TRA Adjacent node: TRA processing, TFP, TCP, TFR, TCR messages; Changebackl ' ' )$"Level 3 Route Management Functions #[Transfer Prohibited Control TFP, TCP messages from STP re X Criteria: starts routing to X, X becomes inaccessible, link recovers Transfer Allowed Control TFA, TCA messages from STP re X Criteria: stops routing to X, X becomes accessible Transfer Restricted Control TFR, TCR messages from STP re X Criteria: secondary route usage, link recoverylgUOgUO \*%+Level 3 Route Management Functions (Cont'd) ,Transfer Controlled Control TFC message in response to message priority < congestion status Route Set Test Control RSM message cycle for restricted or prohibited routes Route Set Congestion Test Control RCT message cycle activated by TFC lC9"%C9"% +&Signaling Point Components  ,'*Service Connection Control Protocol (SCCP) +dStatus Tracking Xlation and dest nodes through L3 flow control Subsystems through SCCP management Routing Normal: translation, forwarding, distribution Failure: congestion or unavailability => discard, send Service, subsystem prohibited messages Gateway STPs Excluded: multiple Xslation points, O & D systems in same node, hidden origin through gateway ZS`S` e-( An SCCP Model  .)SCCP Management Functions 7SP Status Management Processing of destination inaccessible Processing of destination accessible Processing of route set congestion Subsystem Status Management Subsystem failure Subsystem recovery Subsystem status test Excluded: coordinated state change, traffic mix info management, subsystem congestionZu;Wu;W 8/*"The Signaling Transfer Point (STP) # 0+Signaling Point Examples  1,Example Network Model  /23456789:P   ` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dZ@? 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F8 ] a  qa ]  m S BCKDEF nCnCp?JJCJJJ @i  n S BCKDEFnCp?JJCJJ @] w 2 o  B]UENGiR HuTgIQnCp? _U]UdS_U]UdS`T]UdS`To a  p S BC DE,F4nCp?  %7CObn z@] j F8   k  v  k  r S BCKDEF nCnCp?JJCJJJ @  k  s S BCLDEFnCp?KKCKK @  _ 2 t  B]UENGiR HuTgIQnCp? _U]UdS_U]UdS`T]UdS`T S  u S BC DE,F4nCp?  $7CObn z@   ' F8  a  { a  w S BCLDEF nCnCp?KKDKKK @  a  x S BCKDEFnCp?JJCJJ @ y T 2 y  B\UENGpS HpSgIQnCp? ^U\UbS^U\UbS`T\UbS`T Y I  z S BC DE,F4nCp?  %7CPbn z@ s  F8 }   u   }  u  | S BCKDEF nCnCp?JJCJJJ @ *  u  } S BCLDEFnCp?KKCKK @}   i 2 ~  B]UENGiR HuTgIQnCp? _U]UdS_U]UdS`T]UdS`T  ]   S BC DE,F4nCp?  $7CObn z@}  1 X2  01?!Od2  <nC1?KX2  0nC1? Q9 X2  0nC1?  } X2  0nC1?#6p8 ] ]  BCC1DEFnC1?027 B0 @]`B B 0nC1?p8  A   A   BCJDEFnC1?I I @ L6 `B B 0nC1?/ A Lp8 R  R   BCIDEFnC1?HH @ R `B  0nC1? X  01?   Zd wawa8c?  T Intertoll      Z wawa8c?G  Ptrunks  p8 9   9   B<C0DEFnC1?;0%%/ @9 u `B  0nC1?p  p8  9 T  9 T  BCCDEFnC1?BB @ 9 T`B  0nC1?1 1 X2  0nC1?;|X2  0nC1?q'X2  0nC1?&YXB  0nC1?,XB  0nC1?d_dX2  0nC1?!2X2  0nC1?  X2  0nC1?C + X2  0nC1?s .   Z wawa8c? V Interoffice   nC   Zwawa8c?W> Ptrunks nC p8 | |  BCCDEFnC1?==B @|`B  0nC1?H  0޽h ?=BGLQV[` e j o t y~ nCi ka  0(`(     # lwawa1 ?t0  Y    # lwawa1 ?p Y  H  0޽h ? nCi ka F< 0(p(    # lwawa1 ?t0  Y    # lwawa1 ?pH Y  H  0޽h ? nCi ka  0( (     # lÓwawa1 ?t0  Y    # lDēwawa1 ?( Y  H  0޽h ? nCi kaD H $D(  $ $ # lƓwawa1 ?t0  Y   $ # lƓwawa1 ?px Y  j8 V  $V `B $ 08c?  `B $ 08c?   $ ZDǓwawa8c? GYe J"   $ ZǓwawa8c?W) J"   $ Zȓwawa8c? J"    $ Zdȓwawa8c?G7 U  J"    $ Zȓwawa8c?G e  J"    $ Z$ɓwawa8c?_ 1  J"  @  H  $ H   $B  `ɓwawa8c?q H . J"    $B  `ɓwawa8c?   J"   $B  `Dʓwawa8c? 7  J"   $B  `ʓwawa8c? 8   J"   $B  `˓wawa8c? H / .  J"   $B  `d˓wawa8c?  J"   $ Z˓wawa8c?= J"  `B $ 08c? @  $B Z$̓wawa8c?  5 J"   $  `̓wawa8c?  J"   $B  `L̓wawa8c?   J"  `B $ 08c? (  $ ZD͓wawa8c?%  K15  $ Z͓wawa8c??V] K45 x2 $ HG8c?0 x2 $ HG8c?y $ Z[wawa8c?L  ]constellation pattern  $ T[wawa1?  3V.32 bis = 14.4Kb/s, 6 bits at 2400 baud, 64 points 4%0Z24 4H $ 0޽h ?/ $$ nCi ka  0((( (xf~ ( ( # lT\wawa1 ?t0  Y   ( # l\wawa1 ?p@ Y  H ( 0޽h ? nCi ka h 0(,(  , , # l_wawa1 ?t0  Y   , # l`wawa1 ?p Y  H , 0޽h ? nCi ka o ZR0(  0 0 # lTbwawa1 ?t0  Y   0 # lbwawa1 ?  Y  6"  <H 0 0޽h ? nCi ka  xD m e 4 (  4 4 # lcwawa1 ?t0  Y   4 Tcwawap?@p  R1B 1B 1B  XB 4 0p? @p XB 4 0p? @p XB 4 0p?0 @p0 XB 4 0p? @p  4 Z4dwawap? W I  N " " "  XB  4 0p?` XB  4 0p?  ` XB  4 0p?` XB  4 08c? PP XB  4 08c?  ^B 4 68c?P P  4 Zdwawap? #  l125 msec.  XB 4 08c?@@XB 4 08c?^B 4 68c? 4 Zewawap?  L90 bytes   4 Zfwawap?7  Irow 1  4 Ztfwawap?G 5 Irow 2  4 Zfwawap?w ?  Irow 9  4 Z$Ӓwawap?yg \ (Spraggins p 634)Z H 4 0޽h ? nCi ka  p q i 8 (  8 8 # lӒwawa1 ?t0  Y   8 TԒwawap?@p  R1B 1B 1B  XB 8 0p? @p XB 8 0p? @p XB 8 0p?0 @p0 XB 8 0p? @p  8 ZՒwawap? W I  N " " "  XB  8 0p?` XB  8 0p?  ` XB  8 0p?` XB  8 08c? PP XB  8 08c?  ^B 8 68c?P P  8 ZՒwawap? #  l125 msec.  XB 8 08c?@@XB 8 08c?^B 8 68c? 8 Z֒wawap? C P N * 90 bytes   8 Z֒wawap?7  Irow 1  8 ZDגwawap?G 5 Irow 2  8 Zגwawap?w ?  Irow 9  8 Zdؒwawap?yg \ (Spraggins p 634)Z H 8 0޽h ? nCi ka2 G,  <Z(  < < # l$ْwawa1 ?t0  Y   < # lْwawa1 ?p Y  ^ < 6p?p p@ XB <@ 0p?@ 0XB <@ 0p?@ XB <@ 0p?@ XB < 0p?@ p`  < Zْwawap? 75 J" " "    < ZDڒwawap? w5  FCO H < 0޽h ? nCi ka T 0(@(  @ @ # lڒwawa1 ?t0  Y   @ # lےwawa1 ?p Y  H @ 0޽h ? nCi ka  x##D(  D D # lܒwawa1 ?t0  Y   D Zܒwawa8c??1 GA  D ZDݒwawa8c?   GC  D Zݒwawa8c?* GB " D  fޒwawaG8c?   G5 " D  fdޒwawaG8c? [8  G1 " D  fޒwawaG8c?   G4 "  D  fwawaG8c?3   G2 "  D  fDwawaG8c? h  G6 "  D  fwawaG8c? x  G7 "  D  fwawaG8c?g#` G3 XB  D 08c?X8P XB D 08c?88 XB D 08c? XB D 08c?XB D 08c?  XB D 08c?X @ XB D 08c?X XB D 08c?  XB D 08c?P p X XB D 08c? 0 XB D 08c? XB D 08c?X x XB D 08c? @ XB D 08c? 8  D Zwawap?,O $ N" packets sent from A to C : 4, 3, 2, 1(( (^B D 61? L  D T$wawap? Q  G4 ^B D 61? l 4  D Twawap? 7  G2 ^B  D 61?X 0  !D Twawap?7  G3  "D TDwawap? 7  G1 ^B #D 61?T l H D 0޽h ? nCi ka   zr H (  H H # lwawa1 ?t0  Y   H Zwawa8c??1 GA  H Zdwawa8c?   GC  H Zwawa8c?* GB " H  f$wawaG8c?   G5 " H  fwawaG8c? [8  G1 " H  fwawaG8c?   G4 "  H  fDwawaG8c?3   G2 "  H  fwawaG8c? h  G6 "  H  fwawaG8c? x  G7 "  H  fdwawaG8c?g#` G3 ^B  H 6p?`@H ^B H 6p?@0 ^B H 6p?( ^B H 6p? XB H 08c?  XB H 08c?X @ XB H 08c?X ^B H 6p?  XB H 08c?P p X ^B H 6p? ( ^B H 6p? ^B H 6p?X p XB H 08c? @ ^B H 6p? @  H Zwawap? u  JVC 1  H Z$wawap?2 /   JVC 2  H Zwawap?W  >" VCs from user A to B and to C  H H 0޽h ? nCi ka nd 0(0L(  L L # lDwawa1 ?t0  Y   L # lwawa1 ?p` Y  H L 0޽h ? nCi ka      @P ( (P,[ P P # lČwawa1 ?t0  Y  XB P 0p?XXXXB P 0p?XXB P 0p?P^B P 6p?p^B P@ 6p?0Pjr P BZGp?ddt ^B  P@ 6p?` P   P Z$wawap? EA   P Zwawap?' EB XB  P 0p?X X XB  P 0p?XB P 0p?xjr P BZGp?T 0 P Z䍒wawap?   EA  P ZDwawap? EB jr P BZGp?T 8jr P BZGp? \ Hjr P BZGp?jr P BZGp?jr P BZGp?  P Zwawap?O Spacket switched  P Zďwawap?g  Tcircuit switched H P 0޽h ? nCi kae3   22PjjTU2(    T T # l$wawa1 ?H8  Y  XB T 01?hXB T 01? XB T 01?lXB T 01?XB T 01?NIXB T 01?]]XB  T 01?r} J rXB  T 01? rXB  T 01? N rd  T <1? d2  T <1?+ W d2 T <1? RX d2 T <1? H XB T 01? _ XB T 01?   XB T 01? ( XB T 01? }b d2 T <1? DJ d2 T <1?g # d2 T <1?  d2 T <1? g XB T 01? L XB T 01?  XB T 01?9 9 XB T 01?; $  d T <1?Od T <1? j d T <1?d T <1? =d  T <1?R b XB !T 01?Ba=XB "T 01?xXB #T@ 01? XB $T@ 01?d7 XB %T@ 01?in_ XB &T 01? XB 'T@ 01?,s XB (T@ 01?_ XB )T@ 01?S XB *T@ 01?0 XB +T 01? OXB ,T 01? XXB -T 01? XB .T 01? 8XB /T 01?r XB 0T 01?j rXB 1T 01?3 )XB 2T 01?z  NXB 3T 01?   XB 4T 01?j XB 5T 01?j 8XB 6T 01?r <XB 7T 01?[r XB 8T@ 01?JB XB 9T 01?C XB :T 01?r XB ;T 01?W1 XB T 01?= XB ?T 01?` XB @T 01?XB AT 01?,XB BT 01?f XB CT 01?I/ XB DT 01?) XB ET 01?t XB FT 01?7; XB GT 01?n# XB HT@ 01? XB IT 01?1 XB JT 01? ._ XB KT 01?9 d2 LT <1?h d2 MT <1?md2 NT <1?1 d2 OT <1?R  8   XT `B PT 01? d d`B QT 01? G d`B RT 01?[ dl ST <1? m l2 TT <1? S  UT  `䐒8c8c 1?  yNetwork ProcessorX 444OOii VT  `8c8c 1? z  xGateway (DMS100)X 444OOii WT  `8c8c 1?! h  nDMS100X 444OOiiXB YT@ 08c?  XB ZT 08c? `` XB [T 08c?  F8  g  `T g  \T S BCLDEF nCnCp?KKCKKK @  g  ]T S BCKDEFnCp?JJDJJ @ Z 2 ^T  B]UENGiR HuTgIQnCp? _U]UdS_U]UdS`T]UdS`T& {O  _T S BC DE,F4nCp?  %8DPbo {@ " F8    eT   aT S BCLDEF nCnCp?KKCKKK @ ;   bT S BCKDEFnCp?JJDJJ @/ z 2 cT  B]UENGiR HuTgIQnCp? _U]UdS_U]UdS`T]UdS`T& {o  dT S BC DE,F4nCp?  %8DPbo {@" B F8 C '  jT C'  fT S BCLDEF nCnCp?KKCKKK @P '  gT S BCKDEFnCp?JJDJJ @C  2 hT  B]UENGiR HuTgIQnCp? _U]UdS_U]UdS`T]UdS`TV   iT S BC DE,F4nCp?  %8DPbo {@C  H T 0޽h ??0^TcThT nCi ka n `$$X.( $hW X X # ldwawa1 ?t0  Y   X # lĒwawa1 ?p Y  XB X 0p?`XB X 0p?`XB X 0p?`XB X 0p?@`@XB X 0p? ` XB  X 0p? ` XB  X 0p? ` XB  X 0p?@ `@ XB  X 0p? XB  X 0p?p p XB X 0p? XB X 0p? XB X 0p?   XB X 0p?   XB X 0p?  X Zwawap?= [ RN output lines  X ZDwawap?-K  Q N input lines ^2 X 6p?P0^2 X 6p?P^2 X 6p?Pp^2 X 6p?ZE ^2 X 6p?;P^2 X 6p? f ^2 X 6p?P p ^2 X 6p? zp ^2 X 6p? % e ^2 X 6p? ; ^2 X 6p? e{ ^2  X 6p? Z ^2 !X 6p? % ^2 "X 6p? f ^2 #X 6p? e  $X Zwawap?G RK {N2 crosspoints at most N used0  H X 0޽h ? nCi ka ux -%p \(  \ \ # ldwawa1 ?t0  Y   \ # lĕwawa1 ?"pb Y   \ T$wawa8c?W1 Kn x k  \ Twawa8c? \%  Kn x k  \ TDwawa8c?Vz  O N/n x N/n    \ Twawa8c? \%  Kk x n  \ T׏wawa8c?7;e Kk x n XB  \ 08c?XB  \ 08c?8s XB  \ 08c?0= XB  \ 08c? = XB  \ 08c? }XB \ 08c?M X XB \ 08c? $ XB \ 08c? M XB \ 08c?#XB \ 08c?//XB \ 08c? N XB \ 08c? C XB \ 08c?(XXB \ 08c?MXB \ 08c? Hx XB \ 08c?z =mz  \ T؏wawa8c?6 z d  O N/n x N/n    \ Zُwawap?ry En  \ Ztُwawap?   En  \ Zُwawap?r En  \ Z4ڏwawap?   En  \ Zڏwawap?|  I(N/n)  \ Zڏwawap? C  G(k)   \ ZTۏwawap?||  I(N/n) H \ 0޽h ? nCi ka ` ia!!`( h@ ` ` # l܏wawa1 ?t0  Y  ^ ` 6p?H ^B ` 6p?h^B ` 6p?p^B ` 6p?0 0 ^B ` 6p?^ ` 6p?xX8 <  `<fB  ` 6p?f  ` 6p?<p8    `  fB  ` 6p?, , f  ` 6p?  2 `  `܏wawa1? l |  VSwitching Fabric 8 ` ``f ` 6p?8``B ` 0p? 8 D `Df ` 6p?PD`B ` 0p?88    `  f ` 6p?`  `B ` 0p?8 H8 ^B ` 68c? @^B ` 68c? ^B ` 68c?  8 ^B ` 68c? (^B ` 68c?h (^B ` 68c?( 8  ` Z4ݏwawap?cr Lbuffer   ` Zݏwawap?'t  S N Input Ports  !` Zޏwawap?wed  TN Output Ports H ` 0޽h ? nCi ka     d) (  d d # lߏwawa1 ?t0  Y   d # ltߏwawa1 ?p Y  T8 5    d5  l d <G@8p?E5  `B d 0p? ; `B d 0p?E ;E `B d 0p? E `B d 0p?[ ;[ T8 /A ^  dA /^ l  dB <G@8p?/A  `B  dB 0p? ^ `B  dB 0p?Q ^Q `B  dB 0p? T `B dB 0p?g ^g XB d 0p? 0  d Z4wawap?G  LN inputs   d Zwawap?rS  M N outputs  XB d 08c? y XB d 08c? x XB d 08c?  XB d 08c? XB d 08c? @ @ XB d 08c? XB d 08c? ` `  d Zwawap?|  b1 2 N 1 ... H d 0޽h ? nCi ka   0(h( ? h h # lwawa1 ?t0  Y   h # ltwawa1 ?p+ Y  H h 0޽h ? nCi kaf 28 l(  l l # lwawa1 ?p0  Y  p l HA1?F  l  `B8c8c 1?z 2N^  Time Dependant, State Dependant!      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^abcdefgU! !444OOiiH l 0޽h ? nCi ka 5 0(p( 8j` p p # lTCwawa1 ?t0  Y   p # lCwawa1 ?z Y  H p 0޽h ? nCi ka K0 0(t(  t t # lDwawa1 ?t0  Y   t # l4Ewawa1 ?p Y  H t 0޽h ? nCi ka P RJ!!x(  x x # lFwawa1 ?t0  Y  XB x 0p?XB x 0p? XB x 0p?00  x ZtGwawap?7 LLocal CO   x Z4Hwawap?W  M Tandem CO   x ZHwawap? LLocal CO  ^B  x 68c?p p^B  x 68c?` (`^B  x 68c? 8h ^B  x 68c?@@^B  x@ 68c?0p^B x@ 68c? 0^B x@ 68c?p ^B x@ 68c?0 0 ^B x@ 68c?0 0@0 ^B x@ 68c? 0 ^B x@ 68c?  ^B x@ 68c? @  x ZTIwawa8c?gw Isetup  x ZIwawa8c?w)  HIAM1  x ZJwawa8c?gG  HIAM2  x ZtJwawa8c? Isetup  x ZJwawa8c?w )5 HACM1  x Z4Kwawa8c?wi  HACM2  x ZKwawa8c? Ialert  x ZKwawa8c?W u  Janswer  x ZTLwawa8c? Ialert  x ZLwawa8c?   GAM1  x ZMwawa8c? >  GAM2   x TMwawa8c?' wh+ Uanswer indication  !x T4Nwawa8c? , TIAM = initial address message ACM = address complete message AM = answer messageUU UH x 0޽h ? nCi kai _ &&|(  | | # lwawa1 ?P0  Y  p | HA1?H 8 w x  |w x  | T䨁wawap? x  ISTP  | TDwawap?w 8  ISTP 78   | | Twawap? ISCP f2 | 6p?nlf2  | 6p?n`B  | 0p?xQx`B  | 0p?Qf2  | 6p?T]XB | 01?` XB | 01? @( XB | 01?` (P XB | 01?P h XB | 01?d D 0 XB | 01?  XB | 01?0 px XB | 01?d l P XB | 01? XB | 01? XB | 01?  XB | 01? X@ XB | 0p?  8  | | Twawap? ISTP  | Tdwawap? ISTP XB | 0p?H` `XB | 01?t XB  | 01? 4 XB !| 01?0@ XB "| 01?(l|x XB #| 01?0x  $| Z$wawap?/ [service control point  %| Z䫁wawap?VQ ^signaling transfer point  &| Twawap?w >  Usignaling links H | 0޽h ? nCi ka  nf( |   # ldwawa1 ?Xh0  Y    Z$wawa1?  h' q MTP Level 1   444OOii  Z䮁wawa1?  h  q MTP Level 3   444OOii  Zwawa1?  h  q MTP Level 2   444OOiid  <1?>h    `wawa 1?p  f  jSCCP 444OOii  Zd8c8c1?[Q? mISDN-UPU 444OOiij  B 1? h    `İwawa 1?)  jTCAP 444OOii   `$wawa 1?> ! jOMAP 444OOii   `wawa 1?>F! iASE 444OOii  ZDwawa1? / 7 p 1 - Physical  444OOii  Zwawa1?x /  o 3 - Network  444OOii  Zijwawa1? /   q 2 - Data Link 444OOii  ZT#wawa1?6/  s7 - Application 444OOii  Z$wawa1?/ p  q 4 - Transport 444OOii  Z$wawa1?$/  t6 - Presentation 444OOii  Z%wawa1?/  o 5 - Session  444OOii  ZT&8c8c1?  p OSI Layers U  444OOii  Z'8c8c1?\ % p SS7 Layers U  444OOiiH  0޽h ? nCi ka  0((    # l'wawa1 ?p0  Y    # l4(wawa1 ?p Y  H  0޽h ? nCi ka E [S ''(    # l)wawa1 ?p0  Y  8  ,  ,    T*wawap?,D  ISTP   Tt*wawap? l  ISTP 78 &   &   T*wawap?Qx p ISCP f2  6p?0<f2  6p?0\`B   0p?!}`B   0p?&!&f2   6p?;$XB  0p?H8 oLp  Lop   T4+wawap?Lp d  ISTP   T+wawap?o0  ISTP XB  0p? 8   \   \   T+wawap??   ISTP   TT,wawap? D \  ISTP 8 $ d  $  d   T,wawap?$ <  ISTP   T-wawap?l @ d  ISTP XB  0p? XB  0p? ` XB  0p? 2  Zt-wawap?9   ISSP 2  Z-wawap? Hp  ISSP 2  Z4.wawap?[  ISSP 2  Z.wawap? P  ISSP XB  0p?8 XB  0p?@ P XB ! 0p? h XB " 0p?(P XB # 0p?`  XB $ 0p?x 8Hp XB % 0p? Px XB & 0p?XXB ' 0p?@ H  0޽h ? nCi ka c 0(0( i n e   # l.wawa1 ?p0  Y    # l4twawa1 ?p Y  H  0޽h ? nCi ka sx 0(@(    # ltwawa1 ?p0  Y    # lTuwawa1 ?p Y  H  0޽h ? nCi ka  0(P(    # ltvwawa1 ?p0  Y    # lvwawa1 ?@ Y  H  0޽h ? nCi ka  0(`(    # lywawa1 ?0  Y    # ltywawa1 ?Pp Y  H  0޽h ? nCi ka  0((    # l|wawa1 ?0  Y    # l4}wawa1 ?p Y  H  0޽h ? nCi ka h 0((    # lT~wawa1 ?p0  Y    # l~wawa1 ?p Y  H  0޽h ? nCi ka $ 0((    # lwawa1 ?0  Y    # lwawa1 ?p Y  H  0޽h ? nCi kaH  H p(    # lwawa1 ?p0  Y  p  HA1?bH  0޽h ? nCi ka  0((    # l$wawa1 ?00  Y    # l4#wawa1 ?@X Y  H  0޽h ? nCi kaH p p(    # lT$wawa1 ?(x@  Y  p  HA1?vj! H  0޽h ? nCi ka /8 0((    # l$wawa1 ?p0  Y    # l%wawa1 ?p Y  H  0޽h ? nCi kaH 1 p(    # l&wawa1 ?p0  Y  p  HA1?rH  0޽h ? nCi kaH 6 p( $lXp   # l&wawa1 ?p0  Y  p  HA1?pm H  0޽h ? nCi kaH KT p(    # lT'wawa1 ?p0  Y  p  HA1?d$ H  0޽h ? nCi ka xp( DDt} R  3     Y ~  C z @  Y   H  0޽h ? a( x (   R  3     Y ~  C ' @  Y   H  0޽h ? a( x0(  R  3     Y ~  C t( @  Y   H  0޽h ? a( x@( 78 R  3     Y ~  C ( @  Y   H  0޽h ? a( xP( 78 R  3     Y ~  C 4) @  Y   H  0޽h ? a( x`( 78 R  3     Y ~  C ) @  Y   H  0޽h ? a( xp( 78 R  3     Y ~  C ) @  Y   H  0޽h ? a( x( 78 R  3     Y ~  C T* @  Y   H  0޽h ? a( x( 78 R  3     Y ~  C * @  Y   H  0޽h ? a(rPSEWcZ! 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